January 11
From BR Bullpen
| Stats of players who were born this day | |
| Stats of players who died on this day | |
| Standings on this day | |
| Permanent link to Today's Entry | |
| Sources | |
| Baseball Library Chronology | |
| Today in Baseball History | |
Events, births and deaths that occurred on January 11.
Events[edit]
- 1881 - The first of a series of Tuesday games on ice is played in Chicago, Illinois, using professional and amateur players. These games will be a regular winter feature.
- 1909 - The National Commission approves owner Charles Murphy's payment of a $10,000 bonus to his Chicago Cubs players for their 1908 World Series triumph.
- 1913 - With the Philadelphia Phillies franchise in disarray following the expulsion of President Horace Fogel, William H. Locke and his cousin William F. Baker buy the club.
- 1915 - Jacob Ruppert and Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston buy the New York Yankees from Frank Farrell and Bill Devery for $460,000. Ruppert, who owns a brewery, is thinking of renaming the team the "Knickerbockers" to promote his product, but is dissuaded by newspaper men.
- 1926 - The Pacific Coast League shifts two franchises, moving the Vernon Tigers to San Francisco, where they become the Mission Reds, and the Salt Lake Bees from Utah to Hollywood, where they become the Hollywood Stars.
- 1932 - Bill Terry sends his $13,500 contract back to the New York Giants, telling writers he is "thoroughly disgusted." Terry, who just missed the National League batting title, led the league in runs (121) and triples (20), and collected a second-best 254 hits, was offered a $9,000 cut from his 1931 contract of $22,500. The Giants counter by saying that the combined salaries of Chick Hafey and Jim Bottomley, the two Cardinals who joined Terry in the batting race, is only $24,000. Hafey, the champion bat, finished with .34888, ahead of Terry (.34860) and Bottomley (.34816).
- 1948 - A DC6 plane carrying the Santiago Baseball Club crashes in Rio Verde de Yamasa, Monte Plata while returning from playing a doubleheader in Barahona. All 32 occupants are killed, including Dominican baseball legend Pedro Báez, the team's manager, in what is considered the biggest tragedy in the country's sports history. Among the other victims are Bebecito del Villar, Ventura Escalante, Víctor Saint-Claire, Bombo Ramos and Aquiles Martínez. One of Santiago's players, Enrique Lantigua, survives because he drove back instead of taking the plane with the team.
- 1949 - The Story Quarry site is selected as the site for the new Milwaukee County Stadium. Construction will begin on October 19, 1950.
- 1955:
- Before an exhibition game in San Juan, Puerto Rico, San Francisco Giants outfielder Willie Mays and teammate pitcher Ruben Gómez get into a brawl. It starts when Gómez slips into the batting cage ahead of Mays, and batting practice pitcher Milt Ralat then refuses to throw. The sulking Gómez sits down on the plate, and Mays then steps to the side and directs the pitcher to throw to him there. Ralat then throws an insulting slow pitch which Mays barehands and fires back. Mays and Ralat exchange words and when Mays walks towards the mound, Gómez, brandishing a bat, attempts to interfere. Mays drops him with a right. The two later apologize to each other.
- The St. Louis Cardinals trade P Ben Wade to the Pittsburgh Pirates for P Paul LaPalme.
- 1958 - US Representatives Kenneth Keating and Patrick Hillings drop their plan to bring baseball under the nation's antitrust laws.
- 1960 - The Philadelphia Phillies send outfielder Richie Ashburn to the Chicago Cubs in exchange for infielders Alvin Dark and Jim Woods, and pitcher John Buzhardt.
- 1965 - Wally Pipp, the predecessor of Lou Gehrig at first base for the New York Yankees, dies in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Pipp, who, as legend has it, had asked out of the Yankees lineup with a headache in 1925 (in fact he had been beaned in a previous game), was 71 years old. After giving way to Gehrig, Pipp never again played a game at first base for New York.
- 1968:
- Ewing Kauffman becomes owner of the new Kansas City Royals club of the American League.
- In a trade of outfielders, the St. Louis Cardinals send Alex Johnson to the Cincinnati Reds in exchange for Dick Simpson.
- 1969 - The Chicago Cubs acquire veteran reliever Ted Abernathy from the Cincinnati Reds for three minor league players. The trade marks the return of the side-arming Abernathy to Chicago, where he led the National League with 31 saves in 1965.
- 1971 - 27-year-old Detroit Tigers reliever John Hiller suffers chest pains that doctors will later diagnose as a heart attack. Hiller will miss the entire 1971 season but will make an incredible comeback in 1973, saving a then major league record 38 games.
- 1973:
- Major League owners approve one of the game's most controversial rules: the designated hitter. The owners decide to allow American League teams to implement the rule on an experimental three-year basis, but the rule will become a permanent addition to the AL while the National League will not adopt it until 2022.
- Attorney Louis Nippert assumes control of the Cincinnati Reds when he purchases 51% of the stock from the Gamble and Williams families. Nippert was part of the group that bought the Reds in 1966.
- 1977 - The Chicago Cubs trade outfielder Rick Monday to the Los Angeles Dodgers as part of a five-man deal that brings Bill Buckner and Ivan DeJesus to the Windy City. In 1976, Monday gained national fame when he saved an American flag from being burned during a game in Los Angeles. The trade solidifies the Cubs infield for the next five years, and Buckner will hit .300 for the team over the next seven seasons, but the Dodgers will win three National League pennants in that span, with Monday a major contributor.
- 1983:
- The New York Yankees name Billy Martin their manager for the third time in eight years. Martin takes over for Clyde King, who is bumped up to the Yankees' front office. Martin will lead the team to a record of 91-71 this season.
- Ellis Burks is one of the few good players to be drafted and also signed in the January free agent draft. Burks is picked in the first round by the Red Sox as the Yankees pick and sign a Canseco, Ozzie, with their fourth pick.
- 1993 - The Rev. Jesse Jackson tells baseball owners that unless a plan to hire more minorities for front-office jobs is in place by April 5th, he will call for selective boycotts.
- 1997 - Free agent pitcher Steve Avery is signed by the Boston Red Sox.
- 1999 - The Milwaukee Brewers sign free agent outfielder Rich Becker to a contract.
- 2000:
- Bob Lemon dies at the age of 79. Lemon was a seven-time 20-game winner with the Cleveland Indians. He teamed with Bob Feller, Early Wynn and Mike Garcia to form one of the game's greatest starting rotations. In 1954, Lemon went 23-7 and helped the Indians to a 111-win season. In 1970, Lemon became a major league manager for the first time when he assumed leadership of the Kansas City Royals. He later managed the Chicago White Sox before enjoying his greatest success with the New York Yankees. On July 25, 1978, Lemon replaced Billy Martin and helped the Yankees orchestrate a miraculous comeback. Under Lemon's calming hand, the Yankees won their second straight World Championship that year. He was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1976.
- Carlton Fisk, in his second year of eligibility, and Tony Perez, on his ninth try, are elected to the Hall of Fame by the Baseball Writers Association of America.
- 2001 - David Cone agrees to a one-year contract with the Boston Red Sox. The former Cy Young Award winner could make between $4 million and $5 million with Boston, compared to a $500,000 guaranteed-offer made by the Yankees, if he makes the roster and pitches regularly during the season. He will win just 9 games in 25 starts.
- 2002:
- After a one-year experiment, the Baltimore Orioles plan to return Camden Yards to its original dimensions by moving in the fences. The team, which hit only 58 homers at home - 44 less than in the previous season, said the fences are returning to their initial distances because the new configuration "adversely affected the viewing angle of the batter's eye."
- Two free agent pitchers sign one-year contracts, Todd Jones with the Colorado Rockies and Shigetoshi Hasegawa with the Seattle Mariners.
- Stolen base king Yutaka Fukumoto, Keishi Suzuki and Lefty O'Doul are among the individuals chosen to join the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame.
- 2005 - The Arizona Diamondbacks trade five-time Cy Young Award winner Randy Johnson to the New York Yankees in a three-team deal that includes the Los Angeles Dodgers. Shawn Green, Javier Vazquez and Dioner Navarro also move in the transaction. Arizona receives Vazquez, Navarro and Brad Halsey from the Yankees, and later sends Navarro and three minor league prospects to Los Angeles for Green.
- 2006: The Tampa Bay Devil Rays agree to a $1.4 million, two-year contract with Japanese relief pitcher Shinji Mori, who was posted earlier in the year. He will never pitch in the major leagues, however.
- 2008 - The Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame announces its three newest members. Slugger Koji Yamamoto of the Hiroshima Carp and pitcher Tsuneo Horiuchi of the Yomiuri Giants are chosen as well as amateur star Seiichi Shima, who was killed in World War II.
- 2010:
- After years of rumors and speculation which have stalled his candidacy for the Hall of Fame, retired slugger Mark McGwire comes clean in an interview, confirming that he was a user of steroids and human growth hormone starting in 1990, including during his record-setting 1998 season. He had refused to broach the subject when called before a Congressional committee hearing in March, 2005, but decides to speak to the media a few months after accepting a position as hitting coach with the St. Louis Cardinals.
- 21-year-old Cuban lefthanded pitching star Aroldis Chapman signs a six-year, $30.25 million contract with the Cincinnati Reds after weeks of auditioning for a number of interested teams. Chapman defected in July, before taking part in the 2009 World Port Tournament and established residency in Andorra, making him a free agent. The package offered by the Reds is comparable to that given by the Washington Nationals to Stephen Strasburg, the top pick in the 2009 amateur draft.
- 2011:
- Trevor Hoffman, who staked his claim as the all-time saves leader in the majors thanks to an outstanding change-up, announces his retirement after 18 seasons. He recorded his 600th save with the Brewers last season, and retires with 601, but had a tough year overall and found little interest in his services for next season. He will not hold the saves record for long, however, as Mariano Rivera has 559 and will pass him before the end of the coming season.
- The Tigers sign P Brad Penny to a one-year contract. A back injury ended his last season prematurely after he had pitched well for the Cardinals in the early going.
- Roberto De Franceschi, Italy's all-time leader in hits, games played and doubles, announces his retirement at age 45 after 27 years. The two-time Olympian has spent most of his career with Nettuno and will transition into a role as their hitting coach upon retirement.
- 2012:
- Three new members are picked for the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame. Yutaka Ono, a ten-time All-Star and the Sawamura Award winner in 1988, is selected, as is Yoshiro Sotokoba, a five-time All-Star who was 131-138 on mostly bad teams. Sotokoba shared the Nippon Pro Baseball record for career no-hitters (3). The final selection is 1940s high school star Kazuo Fukushima.
- The Astros claim former top prospect, OF Fernando Martinez, on waivers from the Mets; multiple injuries and chronic knee problems have prevented Martinez from reaching his potential.
- The Yankees sign OF Preston Mattingly, the son of franchise great Don Mattingly, to a minor league contract. Ironically, Preston was under employ of the Dodgers, the team his father is now managing.
- In other signings, the Cardinals add C Koyie Hill and the Mariners sign eight-time Pacific League All-Star infielder Munenori Kawasaki to a minor league deal. Kawasaki says he accepted such a lowly deal in order to play alongside Ichiro Suzuki, his teammate on the Japanese national team.
- 2014 - Arbitrator Fredric Horowitz issues his ruling on Alex Rodriguez's appeal of his 211-game suspension for PED use, originally issued on August 5th, reducing it to 162 games, or the entire 2014 season and postseason, costing him $25 million in salary. Rodriguez says he will appeal the decision in federal court. For its part, the Players Association says it disagrees with the decision, but will respect it as it was reached through due process.
- 2016:
- The Cardinals sign Seung-Hwan Oh, the greatest relief pitcher in the history of the Korea Baseball Organization, to a one-year contract. He is expected to serve as a set-up man for closer Trevor Rosenthal.
- Hall of Famer Monte Irvin dies at his home in Houston, TX at the age of 96. He was a star in the Negro Leagues before joining the New York Giants shortly after integration in 1949. He later became the first black executive to work for Major League Baseball.
- 2017 - The Mariners, who have been quite active this off-season, continue to make trades, first sending pitching prospects Luiz Gohara and Thomas Burrows to Atlanta for P Shae Simmons and OF Mallex Smith, and then flipping Smith to Tampa Bay, along with IF Carlos Vargas and P Ryan Yarbrough, to acquire SP Drew Smyly. Smyly is expected to become a key member of the Mariners' starting rotation this year.
- 2019
- A few days after losing starting catcher Yasmani Grandal to the Brewers via free agency, the Dodgers move to acquire Russell Martin from the Blue Jays in return for a pair of minor leaguers. Martin had started his career with the Dodgers back in 2006.
- Cy Young Award winner Jacob deGrom reaches a one-year deal with the Mets for $17 million. The $9.6 million raise is the largest ever for a player eligible for salary arbitration. In the same vein, the Red Sox come to an agreement with reigning MVP Mookie Betts, signing him for $20 million, the most ever given to a player in his second year of arbitration eligibility; in fact the amount beats that given to any player in his third year of eligibility. Meanwhile, 3B Nolan Arenado has filed a claim for a $30 million salary, with the Rockies countering by offering $24 million; whatever the arbitration panel decides, the amount will be a record-setting one, topping the $23 million obtained by Josh Donaldson from the Blue Jays last year.
- The Yankees add another infielder, signing free agent IF D.J. LeMahieu for two years and $24 million.
- 2023 - Having lost starting shortstop Trea Turner to free agency, the Dodgers land Miguel Rojas in a trade with the Marlins, in return for minor leaguer Jacob Amaya. It's a return home for Rojas, the longest-tenured player on the Marlins, as he started his big league career with the Dodgers back in 2014.
- 2024 - The Cubs sign Japanese pitcher Shota Imanaga to a four-year contract worth $53 million after securing negotiating rights through the posting system.
Births[edit]
- 1859 - George Pinkney, infielder (d. 1926)
- 1863 - Sim Bullas, catcher (d. 1908)
- 1867 - Bill Niles, infielder (d. 1936)
- 1868 - Silver King, pitcher (d. 1938)
- 1876 - Elmer Flick, outfielder; Hall of Famer (d. 1971)
- 1879 - Harry McIntire, pitcher (d. 1949)
- 1884 - Art Watson, catcher (d. 1950)
- 1888 - Skipper Roberts, catcher (d. 1963)
- 1888 - Bobby Stow, minor league infielder (d. 1963)
- 1890 - Max Carey, outfielder, manager; Hall of Famer (d. 1976)
- 1890 - Mickey Keliher, infielder (d. 1930)
- 1890 - George Trautman, minor league executive (d. 1963)
- 1892 - Don Eugenio Garza Sada, minor league executive; Salon de la Fama (d. 1973)
- 1895 - Paddy Driscoll, infielder (d. 1968)
- 1898 - Gene Lansing, pitcher (d. 1945)
- 1899 - Alvin Crowder, pitcher; All-Star (d. 1972)
- 1900 - Lefty Taber, pitcher (d. 1983)
- 1901 - George McNamara, outfielder (d. 1990)
- 1906 - Arnold Johnson, owner (d. 1960)
- 1906 - Lawrence Terrell, pitcher (d. 1965)
- 1910 - Schoolboy Rowe, pitcher; All-Star (d. 1961)
- 1911 - Roy Hughes, infielder (d. 1995)
- 1915 - Dutch Mele, outfielder (d. 1975)
- 1918 - Ernie Andres, infielder (d. 2008)
- 1918 - Al Gardella, infielder (d. 2006)
- 1919 - Lou Rochelli, infielder (d. 1992)
- 1921 - Alex Kvasnak, outfielder (d. 2002)
- 1922 - Neil Berry, infielder (d. 2016)
- 1923 - Frank Fanovich, pitcher (d. 2011)
- 1928 - Loren Babe, infielder (d. 1984)
- 1928 - Ralph Guyton, minor league outfielder (d. 2017)
- 1928 - Carl Powis, outfielder (d. 1999)
- 1929 - Giancarlo Bianchi, scorer; Italian Baseball Hall of Fame
- 1929 - Don Mossi, pitcher; All-Star (d. 2019)
- 1929 - Arnulfo Rodríguez, minor league executive; Salon de la Fama (d. 1982)
- 1932 - Gene Cook, minor league executive (d. 2002)
- 1932 - Al Janszen, minor league pitcher (d. 2018)
- 1936 - Masahiko Oishi, NPB pitcher
- 1937 - Jack Curtis, pitcher
- 1939 - Arnoldo Castro, minor league infielder; Salon de la Fama (d. 2013)
- 1939 - Don Flynn, college coach (d. 2022)
- 1940 - Hank Fischer, pitcher
- 1942 - Danny Napoleon, outfielder (d. 2003)
- 1944 - Frank Baker, outfielder (d. 2010)
- 1944 - Jim McAndrew, pitcher (d. 2024)
- 1948 - Bob Buckner, minor league infielder
- 1948 - Rick Henninger, pitcher
- 1948 - Max McLeary, minor league umpire (d. 2014)
- 1948 - Glenn Redmon, infielder
- 1949 - Masataka Shirataki, NPB outfielder
- 1951 - Jack Zduriencik, scout
- 1953 - Stan Meek, minor league pitcher
- 1954 - George Milke, minor league pitcher
- 1955 - Dan Norman, outfielder
- 1955 - Rocket Wheeler, minor league infielder and manager
- 1957 - Koju Hirohashi, NPB infielder
- 1959 - Lloyd McClendon, outfielder, manager
- 1961 - Bill Wrona, minor league infielder
- 1962 - Donn Pall, pitcher
- 1964 - Ken Williams, minor league pitcher
- 1965 - Terry Gilmore, minor league pitcher
- 1965 - Tony Randazzo, umpire
- 1967 - Nikco Riesgo, outfielder
- 1968 - Rafael Chaves, coach
- 1968 - Ben Rivera, pitcher
- 1968 - Pete Hughes, college coach
- 1969 - Manny Acta, manager
- 1969 - Hua-Wen Chi, CPBL umpire
- 1970 - Antonio Grissom, minor league outfielder
- 1970 - Scott Nelson, umpire
- 1971 - Alex Delgado, catcher
- 1971 - Luis Pérez, CPBL infielder
- 1972 - Jermaine Allensworth, outfielder
- 1972 - Scott Metcalf, minor league infielder
- 1973 - Damien Dubien, Canadian national team pitcher
- 1973 - Wonderful Monds, minor league outfielder
- 1973 - Michael Ostlund, Swedish national team pitcher
- 1974 - Chun-Wei Chiang, CPBL umpire
- 1974 - Cody McKay, catcher
- 1974 - Warren Morris, infielder
- 1977 - Rick Guttormson, NPB pitcher
- 1977 - Royce Huffman, minor league infielder
- 1978 - Greg Aquino, pitcher
- 1979 - Chang-Ting Kuo, CPBL infielder
- 1979 - Greg Lovelady, college coach
- 1980 - Maikel Folch, Cuban league pitcher
- 1980 - Yaile Luis, Cuban women's national team outfielder
- 1981 - Ryutaro Doi, NPB pitcher
- 1981 - Habelito Hernández, minor league infielder
- 1982 - Gabriel Robles, Puerto Rican national team infielder
- 1984 - Carlos Rojas, minor league infielder
- 1985 - Dennis Dixon, minor league outfielder
- 1985 - Frank Montieth, Cuban league pitcher
- 1986 - Muhammad Waqas Ismail, Pakistani national team infielder
- 1986 - Joshua Johnson, coach
- 1987 - Brad Agustin, minor league infielder
- 1989 - Jong-wook Ko, KBO outfielder
- 1989 - Rico Noel, outfielder
- 1990 - Kiril Chermoshentsev, Russian national team infielder
- 1990 - Danny Salazar, pitcher; All-Star
- 1990 - Cameron Seitzer, minor league infielder
- 1991 - Ryuji Ichioka, NPB pitcher
- 1991 - Takuya Nakashima, NPB infielder
- 1991 - Elton Santos, Northern Mariana Islands national team pitcher
- 1992 - Scott Ronnenbergh, minor league pitcher
- 1992 - Steve Wilkerson, infielder
- 1993 - Edgar Powin, Ecuadorian national team pitcher
- 1994 - Rehiner Córdova, minor league infielder
- 1995 - Davide Anselmi, minor league pitcher
- 1995 - J.P. Crawford, infielder
- 1995 - Joey Marciano, minor league pitcher
- 1995 - Stephen Nogosek, pitcher
- 1995 - Nick Solak, infielder
- 1996 - Ju-chan Park, KBO infielder
- 1996 - Kuan-Wei Yao, CPBL catcher
- 1999 - Noelia Moreno, Dominican women's national team catcher
- 2000 - Luca Tresh, minor league catcher
- 2002 - Elly De La Cruz, infielder; All-Star
- 2005 - Ambre Brouard, French women's national team infielder
- 2005 - Chia-Wei Lin, CPBL outfielder
Deaths[edit]
- 1905 - Jim Devine, umpire (b. 1858)
- 1912 - Lefty Marr, outfielder (b. 1862)
- 1914 - Walt Goldsby, outfielder (b. 1861)
- 1922 - Miah Murray, catcher; umpire (b. 1865)
- 1929 - Mike Golden, outfielder (b. 1851)
- 1936 - Turkey Gross, infielder (b. 1896)
- 1945 - Harry McNeal, pitcher (b. 1878)
- 1948 - Pedro Báez, Dominican national team infielder (b. 1908)
- 1948 - Víctor Saint-Claire, Dominican national team player (b. ????)
- 1948 - Bebecito del Villar, Dominican national team pitcher (b. ????)
- 1948 - Ventura Escalante, Dominican national team pitcher (b. 1919)
- 1948 - Aquiles Martínez, Dominican national team infielder (b. 1921)
- 1948 - Bombo Ramos, Dominican national team pitcher (b. 1922)
- 1951 - Bill Wagner, catcher (b. 1894)
- 1953 - Doc Moskiman, infielder (b. 1878)
- 1954 - Sumner Bowman, pitcher (b. 1867)
- 1955 - George Muehlebach, minor league owner (b. ????)
- 1961 - Lionel Rodgers, minor league player (b. ????)
- 1965 - Babe Peebles, minor league player and manager (b. 1885)
- 1965 - Wally Pipp, infielder (b. 1893)
- 1968 - George Hunter, outfielder (b. 1887)
- 1969 - Ollie Fuhrman, catcher (b. 1896)
- 1970 - Eddie Glinnen, minor league player (b. 1948)
- 1973 - Rivington Bisland, infielder (b. 1890)
- 1973 - Doc Hamann, pitcher (b. 1900)
- 1977 - Stuart Holcomb, general manager (b. 1910)
- 1986 - Grover Resinger, coach (b. 1914)
- 1992 - Orville Jorgens, pitcher (b. 1908)
- 1993 - Frank Quinn, pitcher (b. 1927)
- 1994 - Joe Sprinz, catcher (b. 1902)
- 1994 - Lucas Turk, pitcher (b. 1898)
- 1997 - Carol Habben, AAGPBL outfielder (b. 1933)
- 1997 - Stu Martin, infielder; All-Star (b. 1913)
- 1997 - Jerry Neudecker, umpire (b. 1930)
- 1998 - Joe Becker, catcher (b. 1908)
- 1999 - Jim Dyck, outfielder (b. 1922)
- 2000 - Bob Lemon, pitcher, manager; All-Star, Hall of Famer (b. 1920)
- 2003 - Durwood Merrill, umpire (b. 1938)
- 2009 - Red Rush, announcer (b. 1927)
- 2009 - Joe Caputo, minor league pitcher (b. 1932)
- 2010 - Dan Guzman, minor league pitcher (b. 1982)
- 2010 - Edward Scott, scout (b. 1917)
- 2013 - Mauro Contreras, minor league pitcher (b. 1930)
- 2013 - Fred Talbot, pitcher (b. 1941)
- 2014 - Jophery Brown, pitcher (b. 1945)
- 2014 - Don Musto, minor league outfielder (b. 1934)
- 2015 - Bill Kautzer, minor league pitcher (b. 1954)
- 2015 - Robert Roberts, minor league pitcher (b. 1928)
- 2016 - Monte Irvin, outfielder; All-Star, Hall of Famer (b. 1919)
- 2019 - Marge Callaghan, AAGPBL player (b. 1921)
- 2019 - Paul Deese, college coach (b. 1939)
- 2021 - Pai-Sheng Cheng, CPBL infielder (b. 1960)
- 2023 - Bob Harrison, pitcher (b. 1930)
We're Social...for Statheads
Every Sports Reference Social Media Account
Site Last Updated:
Question, Comment, Feedback, or Correction?
Subscribe to our Free Email Newsletter
Subscribe to Stathead Baseball: Get your first month FREE
Your All-Access Ticket to the Baseball Reference Database
Do you have a sports website? Or write about sports? We have tools and resources that can help you use sports data. Find out more.